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泊沙康唑在异基因造血干细胞移植期间预防侵袭性真菌病的效果和安全性: 单中心回顾性分析
张艳芳, 娄世峰, 陈姝, 周慷, 罗云, 黄曦, 邓建川     
400010 重庆,重庆医科大学附属第二医院血液内科
[摘要] 目的 探讨泊沙康唑(posaconazole,PCZ)在异基因造血干细胞移植(allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, allo-HSCT)期间预防侵袭性真菌病(invasive fungal disease, IFD)的效果和安全性。方法 回顾性分析2017年3月至2021年3月本院进行allo-HSCT的80例患者资料,观察移植期间接受泊沙康唑(泊沙康唑组,n=50)和同期接受其他抗真菌药物(对照组,n=30)预防IFD的效果和安全性。结果 泊沙康唑组6例(12.0%)发生IFD,其中确诊2例,临床诊断4例。对照组14例(46.7%)发生IFD,其中确诊6例,临床诊断6例,拟诊2例。泊沙康唑组IFD发生率显著低于对照组(P=0.001)。泊沙康唑组一级预防38例,4例(10.5%)发生IFD;二级预防12例,2例(16.7%)发生IFD,一级预防和二级预防对IFD的发生差异无统计学意义(P=0.951)。泊沙康唑组IFD相关病死率显著低于对照组(21.0% vs 61.5%, P=0.030)。不良反应方面,泊沙康唑组肝功异常明显少于对照组(20% vs 46.7%, P=0.012)。结论 泊沙康唑能更有效地预防allo-HSCT过程中IFD的发生,减少IFD相关死亡,不良反应更少。
[关键词] 泊沙康唑    异基因造血干细胞移植    侵袭性真菌病    预防性抗真菌治疗    
Efficacy and safety of posaconazole in prevention of invasive fungal infections during allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a single-center retrospective analysis
ZHANG Yanfang, LOU Shifeng, CHEN Shu, ZHOU Kang, LUO Yun, HUANG Xi, DENG Jianchuan     
Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of posaconazole (PCZ) in the prevention of invasive fungal disease (IFD) during allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Methods The medical records of 80 patients who received allo-HSCT at our center from March 2017 to March 2021 were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. They were accordingly divided into PCZ group (n=50) and control group (n=30, taking other anti-fungal drugs). The efficacy and safety of PCZ was analyzed in the prevention of IFD. Results In the PCZ group, 6 patients (12.0%) developed IFD, including 2 confirmed cases and 4 clinically diagnosed. While, IFD occurred in 14 cases from the control group, including 6 confirmed, 6 clinically diagnosed and 2 suspected cases. The incidence of IFD was significantly lower in the PCZ group than the control group (P=0.001). Moreover, in the PCZ group, 38 patients (10.5%) with primary prevention developed 4 cases of IFD, and 2 cases (16.7%) of IFD occurred in 12 patients of secondary prevention, showing no significant difference in the IFD incidence (P=0.951). The IFD-related mortality (21.0% vs 61.5%, P=0.030) and rate of abnormal liver function (20.0% vs 46.7%, P=0.012) were both significantly lower in the PCZ group than the control group. Conclusion PCZ is effective in the prevention of IFD during allo-HSCT, and reduces IFD-related deaths and occurrence of adverse reactions.
[Key words] posaconazole    allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation    invasive fungal infection    prophylactic antifungal therapy    

侵袭性真菌病(invasive fungal disease, IFD)是异基因造血干细胞移植(allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, allo-HSCT)患者治疗过程中较为严重的并发症和主要的死亡因素之一。在这些患者移植过程中,长期的中性粒细胞减少、植入不良、免疫抑制治疗和移植物抗宿主病(graft-versus-host disease,GVHD)等因素,均可能导致IFD的发生率显著增加[1]。念珠菌和曲霉菌是最常见的IFD病原体,其他酵母和丝状真菌、接合菌属等是较为少见的病原体[1]。对这类患者进行早期预防性真菌治疗可以明显改善患者预后。理想的预防性抗真菌药应具有广谱的抗真菌活性,包括念珠菌和霉菌,并具有较高的耐药性阈值[2-3]。既往常采用氟康唑作为allo-HSCT患者真菌预防药物,然而氟康唑对曲霉菌和其他霉菌缺乏预防治疗活性[4]。其他三唑类药物(如伊曲康唑、伏立康唑)在预防allo-HSCT曲霉菌方面比氟康唑更有效,也常被用做预防治疗药物[5-6]。棘白菌素类(如米卡芬净)也可作为真菌预防药物,但主要是对念珠菌具有治疗活性[7]

泊沙康唑(posaconazole,PCZ)是一种由伊曲康唑衍生而来的广谱的三唑类抗真菌药物,对包括酵母和霉菌在内的多种真菌具有广泛的抗真菌活性[8-9]。临床上泊沙康唑主要用于以下情况IFD的预防:①急性髓系白血病(acute myeloid leukemia,AML)诱导化疗或骨髓增生异常综合征(myelodysplastic syndrome,MDS)可能导致长期中性粒细胞减少,并具有IFD高危风险者;②同种异体HSCT受者,接受大剂量免疫抑制治疗GVHD,发生IFD风险高[10]。在既往大型前瞻性随机试验中,接受泊沙康唑治疗的AML和MDS患者IFD发生率显著降低,且具有更好的总体生存率[11]。在多项真实世界中的观察研究,也证实了泊沙康唑相比其他抗真菌药物,预防IFD的疗效和耐受性更有优势[12-13]。与其他唑类抗真菌药物类似,泊沙康唑对细胞色素P4503A4 (CYP3A4)活性抑制作用强,可影响多种经该酶代谢的相关药物,尤其是对异基因移植过程中免疫抑制剂浓度的影响,如环孢素或他克莫司等[14-15],间接对移植后GVHD产生影响。除此之外,泊沙康唑也存在相关的治疗不良事件,如胃肠道反应(恶心、呕吐和腹泻)和肝肾功能异常等,但近期一项Meta分析显示,泊沙康唑与其他抗真菌药物比较不良事件无明显差异(P=0.703, I2=73.3%)[16]。因此,本研究回顾性分析allo-HSCT患者接受泊沙康唑和其他抗真菌药物预防IFD的效果和安全性。

1 资料与方法 1.1 临床资料

收集2017年3月到2021年3月在本院接受allo-HSCT的患者资料。纳入标准:①接受异基因造血干细胞移植的血液病患者;②移植期间预期中性粒细胞绝对值小于0.5×109/L的时间≥7 d;③在粒细胞缺乏期,预防性使用了抗真菌药物;④移植前无严重肝肾功能不全,即丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)或总胆红素(TBil)升高≤2倍正常值上限且肌酐清除率≥60 mL/min;⑤心电图无明显QT间期延长,即男性QTc≤450 ms、女性QTc≤470 ms。排除标准: ①患者移植前,真菌感染未得到明显控制者;②移植前即存在严重肝肾功能不全者;③移植后因严重并发症,导致随访时间低于30 d者。

1.2 真菌预防方案

所有患者接受大剂量预处理化疗,随后静脉输注相关或无关供体的干细胞。环孢素或他克莫司,联合霉酚酸酯、糖皮质激素、甲氨蝶呤预防GVHD。对发生移植物抗宿主病的患者采用标准进行评估,并给予皮质类固醇或增加剂量的维持免疫抑制药物治疗。粒细胞缺乏期间,根据预防真菌治疗药物不同,分为2组,泊沙康唑组:口服泊沙康唑混悬液(商品名:诺科飞,美国默沙东公司产品,200 mg,每日3次,随三餐同时服用),持续口服7 d以上;对照组:使用其他抗真菌药物如米卡芬净(50~100 mg静滴,每日1次)、氟康唑(400 mg口服,每日1次)、伏立康唑(200 mg口服,每日2次)作为真菌预防。

1.3 观察指标

所有患者在治疗期间密切随访真菌感染的发生情况,根据2020年版血液病/恶性肿瘤患者侵袭性真菌病的诊断标准与治疗原则(第6次修订版)共识标准[18],对治疗过程中IFD的诊断,通过血液和其他疑似真菌感染部位的培养、胸部和腹部CT检查进行评估,如果有IFD,可启动其他系统抗真菌药物。主要研究终点是移植后IFD发生率,包括确诊、临床诊断和拟诊。次要研究终点为IFD所致死亡率和药物不良反应。

1.4 安全性评价

预防用药期间规律监测药物不良反应,依据NCI-CTC 4.0版[18],如出现2级及以上的肝肾功能不全及QTc延长等,记录严重不良反应发生率。因泊沙康唑为CYP3A4酶的强效抑制剂,可增加经CYP3A4酶代谢的药物环孢菌素A(CsA)的血药浓度,故需规律监测血清CsA谷浓度。

1.5 统计学分析

采用GraphPad Prism 8.0.1软件。分类变量用例(%)表示,连续变量用中位数表示。对分类变量和连续变量分别采用卡方检验和Mann-Whitney检验进行比较。总生存率通过Kaplan-Meier方法估计,使用单变量比较的Log-rank检验。检验水准α=0.05。

2 结果 2.1 患者的临床资料

共纳入患者80例,其中泊沙康唑组50例,对照组30例,两组在年龄、疾病类型、移植类型、预处理方案、GVHD预防方案等基线指标差异无统计学意义,见表 1。泊沙康唑组移植后粒缺时间显著短于对照组(P=0.011);而泊沙康唑组预防真菌治疗时间明显长于对照组(P<0.001)。

表 1 患者一般临床资料
基线指标 泊沙康唑组(n=50) 对照组(n=30) χ2值/t P
年龄[中位数(范围)]/岁 40(8~62) 36(15~65) 0.492 0.624
性别(男/女) 27/23 17/13 0.054 0.817
疾病类型 0.008 0.927
  血液肿瘤疾病[例(%)] 44(88.0) 27(90.0)
    AML 25 13
    ALL 8 3
    MDS 2 4
    CML 4 1
    淋巴瘤 5 4
    CMML 0 2
  非肿瘤性疾病[例(%)] 6(12.0) 3(10.0)
移植类型(例) 0.640 0.424
  单倍体 36 24
  全相合 14 6
预处理方法(例) 0.128 0.721
  清髓性 47 28
  非清髓性 3 2
GVHD预防(例) 0.037 0.848
  ATG为基础 42 21
  非ATG 8 9
粒缺时间[中性粒绝对值<0.5×109/L,中位数(范围)]/d 11(8~19) 12(10~20) 2.589 0.011
口腔黏膜炎/例 43 23 1.131 0.288
急性GVHD/例 0.071 0.790
  程度0~Ⅰ 13 7
  程度Ⅱ~Ⅳ 37 23
预防性抗真菌治疗时间[中位数(范围)]/d 27(7~77) 7(0~60) 245 <0.001
治疗前IFD[例(%)] 12(24.0) 8(26.7) 0.071 0.790
AML:急性髓系白血病;ALL: 急性淋巴细胞白血病;MDS: 骨髓增生异常综合征;CML:慢性髓系白血病;CMML:慢性粒单核细胞白血病;GVHD:移植物抗宿主病;ATG: 兔抗人胸腺免疫球蛋白;IFD: 侵袭性真菌病

2.2 治疗效果

治疗后,泊沙康唑组有6例发生IFD,发生率12.0%,其中确诊2例,临床诊断4例;对照组有14例发生IFD,发生率46.7%,确诊6例,临床诊断6例,拟诊2例。泊沙康唑组IFD发生率显著低于对照组(χ2=12.02,P=0.001)。泊沙康唑组一级预防38例,4例发生IFD,发生率10.5%,二级预防12例,2例发生IFD,发生率16.7%,泊沙康唑一级预防和二级预防对IFD的发生无显著影响(χ2=0.004,P=0.951)。

2.3 生存分析

所有患者移植后中位随访12 (1~27)个月。其中泊沙康唑组有31例(62.0%)患者长期存活,对照组17例(56.7%)存活,两组的总生存率(OS)差异无统计学意义(Z=0.540, P=0.345)。泊沙康唑组全因死亡19例(38.0%), 其中IFD相关死亡4例,移植相关并发症死亡10例,疾病复发死亡5例;对照组全因死亡13例(43.3%),其中IFD相关死亡8例,疾病复发死亡2例,移植相关并发症3例。两组IFD所致死亡率对比,泊沙康唑组显著低于对照组(21.0% vs 61.5%, P=0.030)。

2.4 不良事件及药物浓度影响

泊沙康唑常见不良反应包括肝功异常(肝酶和胆红素升高)、消化道症状等。泊沙康唑组有10例(20.0%) 出现2级及以上肝功异常,17例(34.0%)出现消化道反应,泊沙康唑组对肝功影响显著低于对照组(χ2=6.349, P=0.012,表 2)。对免疫抑制剂(环孢素)血药浓度的影响,泊沙康唑组有9例(18.0%)出现明显CsA浓度异常(>500 ng/mL),通过CsA药物剂量调整后,血药浓度可迅速恢复正常。两组对免疫抑制剂浓度影响差异无统计学意义(χ2 =3.484, P=0.062)。移植后随访GVHD的发生,两组在急性GVHD的发生差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.071, P=0.790)。

表 2 两组患者治疗后主要不良事件[例(%)]
组别 n 消化道症状 肝功异常 免疫抑制剂浓度影响
泊沙康唑组 50 17(34.0) 10(20.0) 9(18.0)
对照组 30 16(53.3) 14(46.7) 11(36.7)
χ2 2.892 6.349 3.484
P 0.089 0.012 0.062

3 讨论

血液病患者在化疗或移植过程中预防真菌感染是非常重要的,尤其是在异基因造血干细胞移植期间,使用了大剂量预处理化疗药物,粒细胞缺乏时间长,免疫抑制治疗等因素,使得移植期间的IFD发生率和IFD相关死亡率都明显增加,预防性抗真菌治疗对于移植患者就显得尤为重要[19]。既往一项前瞻性研究发现,298例AML患者诱导化疗期未进行广谱抗真菌预防治疗,IFD的发生率高达34.6%[20]

目前,许多研究数据已经证明泊沙康唑在预防血液疾病大剂量化疗或HSCT后IFD方面疗效显著[21-23]。本研究发现,allo-HSCT的患者在使用泊沙康唑预防治疗后IFD发生率为12.0%,其中接受一级预防的IFD发生率为10.5%,与既往研究的IFD发生率相比明显增高(2%~2.7%)[12, 24],但与近期苏州某院单中心真实世界的回顾性研究,包含74例诱导化疗和allo-HSCT患者接受泊沙康唑预防治疗后的IFD发生率13.5%大致相当[25]。部分研究也有不理想结果,SHRENK等[26]报道70例初始诱导化疗阶段接受泊沙康唑预防的AML病例中,IFD发生率30%,GIRMENIA等[27]的研究得出类似的结论,在接受泊沙康唑作为初级预防的99例AML患者中,IFD发生率高达23.2%。进一步分析本研究中泊沙康唑预防性治疗后仍有IFD的病例。这6例患者移植期间均出现不同程度口腔黏膜炎且使用质子泵抑制剂,患者因进食困难,影响服药及药物吸收[28],质子泵抑制剂的使用,也会影响泊沙康唑吸收,可能导致血浆药物浓度不能达到有效的治疗浓度[29],导致预防治疗失败,出现IFD。

在本研究的长期生存分析中,两组之间的总体生存率并无明显差异,提示预防性抗真菌治疗策略对这些接受allo-HSCT患者的整体长期生存无显著性影响。既往一项大型研究,共纳入424例AML患者,诱导化疗期间接受泊沙康唑治疗,观察患者总死亡率和IFD相关死亡率分别为12.1%和1.9%[30]。而另一项在2020年的关于泊沙康唑预防IFD的Meta分析中指出,与其他抗真菌药物相比,泊沙康唑预防可以显著降低IFD相关死亡率,但对侵袭性曲霉菌病和念珠菌病的感染风险、全因死亡率和治疗相关不良事件无明显差异[16]。并且研究提示,尽管使用泊沙康唑预防性抗真菌,但非曲霉属,特别是毛霉菌的突破性感染,仍可能发生危及生命的IFD感染情况[31-32]。在一项不同剂型的泊沙康唑预防治疗对比中,口服剂型的泊沙康唑仍出现8.7%曲霉菌感染,而胶囊型的泊沙康唑药物浓度稳定,预防效果更佳[33]。推测本组患者因口服泊沙康唑混悬液容易受到进食等各种因素影响,导致药物浓度未达到最佳治疗浓度,而出现突破性IFD感染的发生以及总体IFD发生率较既往研究升高。

不良事件方面,本研究中泊沙康唑对比其他抗真菌药物,肝功损害发生率明显降低。既往一项45例儿童血液病患者的研究中,也证实泊沙康唑预防IFD的有效性和儿童用药的安全性。近年来国内外多项针对异基因造血干细胞移植的临床研究发现,虽然泊沙康唑或伏立康唑等三唑类药物可导致环孢素或他克莫司等免疫抑制剂的血药浓度波动,但在调整免疫抑制剂剂量后,移植物抗宿主病的预防效果并未受到明显影响[15, 34-35]。本研究也证实,通过规律监测环孢素的谷浓度而及时调整其剂量,CsA血液浓度可迅速调整至有效范围内,对患者移植物抗宿主病的疗效未产生明显影响。

本研究初步分析得出,泊沙康唑作为血液系统疾病患者allo-HSCT期间IFD的预防用药安全有效。但本研究为单中心回顾性研究,存在选择偏倚、样本量不足等局限性,因此,需大规模多中心随机对照研究进一步验证。

志谢 感谢重庆医科大学附属第二医院血液内科陈影老师,在论文写作和修改过程中,给予的数据编辑和论文写作技巧等多方位的无私帮助
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http://dx.doi.org/10.16016/j.1000-5404.202108062
中国人民解放军总政治部、国家科技部及国家新闻出版署批准,
由第三军医大学主管、主办

文章信息

张艳芳, 娄世峰, 陈姝, 周慷, 罗云, 黄曦, 邓建川
ZHANG Yanfang, LOU Shifeng, CHEN Shu, ZHOU Kang, LUO Yun, HUANG Xi, DENG Jianchuan
泊沙康唑在异基因造血干细胞移植期间预防侵袭性真菌病的效果和安全性: 单中心回顾性分析
Efficacy and safety of posaconazole in prevention of invasive fungal infections during allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a single-center retrospective analysis
第三军医大学学报, 2021, 43(21): 2307-2312
Journal of Third Military Medical University, 2021, 43(21): 2307-2312
http://dx.doi.org/10.16016/j.1000-5404.202108062

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收稿: 2021-08-10
修回: 2021-09-01

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