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内皮祖细胞对急性损伤肺组织的抗炎作用
毛梅, 王健瑜, 汪丽, 秦磊    
400020 重庆,解放军第324医院老年科
摘要目的 观察内皮祖细胞移植对急性损伤肺组织的抗炎作用。 方法 清洁级同遗传背景SD大鼠36只,按随机数字表法分为PBS组、LPS组、内皮祖细胞(endothelial progenitor cells, EPC)组(n=12)。采用密度梯度离心法分离、培养EPCs。LPS组、EPC组大鼠经尾静脉注射脂多糖建立急性肺损伤模型;PBS组仅给予等量的PBS溶液。造模30 min后,PBS组、EPC组大鼠经尾静脉注入EPCs悬液;LPS组大鼠同法注入等量的PBS溶液。7 d 后取动物血清及肺组织,分别检测各组肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β, IL-1β)、中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶(neutrophil elastase, NE)及髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase, MPO)的表达。 结果 与PBS组比较,LPS组中SD大鼠的肺损伤评分、肺组织W/D比值增加(P<0.01, P<0.05),血清中TNF-α、IL-1β的含量增加[(195.88± 10.08) vs (39.40±2.11)pg/mL,(143.33±10.19) vs (49.18±2.52)pg/mL,P<0.05],肺组织NE、MPO的含量也较PBS组增加[(3.88±0.02) vs (0.65±0.03)ng/mL,(7.11±0.41) vs (1.32±0.09) U/g,P<0.05];而EPC组中SD大鼠的肺损伤评分、 肺组织W/D比值较LPS组降低(P<0.05),血清中TNF-α、IL-1β的含量较LPS组减少[(103.52±10.07) vs (195.88±10.08)pg/mL, (78.04±3.98) vs (143.33±10.19)pg/mL, P<0.05],肺组织NE、MPO的含量也较LPS组降低[(1.98± 0.05) vs (3.88±0.02)ng/mL,(4.63±0.37) vs (7.11±0.41) U/g,P<0.05]。 结论 内皮祖细胞移植后能抑制炎症介质的表达,缓解肺损伤。
关键词内皮祖细胞     干细胞移植     急性肺损伤     肿瘤坏死因子-α     白细胞介素-1β     中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶     髓过氧化物酶    
Anti-inflammatory effect of endothelial progenitor cell transplantation in rats with acute lung injury
Mao Mei , Wang Jianyu, Wang Li, Qin Lei     
Department of Geriatrics, No. 324 Hospital of PLA, Chongqing, 400020, China
Supported by the Program of Basic and Frontier Research Plan of Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(CSTC2013jcyjA10087).
Corresponding author: Mao Mei, E-mail: 905891951@qq.com
Abstract: Objective To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of transplantation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in rats with acute lung injury. Methods Thirty-six clean Sprague Dawley rats with the same genetic background were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=12): phosphate buffer solution (PBS) group, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group, and EPCs group. The EPCs were isolated and cultured with density gradient centrifugation. The rats in the LPS and EPC groups were intravenously injected with 5 mg/kg LPS to induce lung injury. The rats in the PBS group were treated with only PBS at the same dose. Half an hour later, the rats in the EPC and PBS groups were injected with bone marrow-derived EPCs (2.0×106/0.5 mL) through the tail vein, and the rats in the LPS group were treated with the same dose of PBS. The amount of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), neutrophil elastase (NE) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the 3 groups were detected on the 7th day after EPCs transplantation. Results Compared with the PBS group, the lung injury score and the lung wet-to-dry ratio were increased in the LPS group, and the amount of TNF-α (195.88±10.08 vs 39.40±2.11 pg/mL), IL-1β (143.33±10.19 vs 49.18±2.52 pg/mL), NE (3.88±0.02 vs 0.65±0.03 ng/mL), and MPO (7.11±0.41 vs 1.32±0.09 U/g) were significantly increased (all P<0.05). Compared with the LPS group, the lung injury score and lung wet-to-dry ratio were decreased in the EPC group, and the amount of TNF-α (103.52±10.07 vs 195.88±10.08 pg/mL), IL-1β (78.04±3.98 vs 143.33±10.19 pg/mL), NE (1.98±0.05 vs 3.88±0.02 ng/mL), and MPO (4.63±0.37 vs 7.11±0.41 U/g) were significantly reduced (P<0.05). Conclusion Transplantation of EPCs can reduce the inflammatory mediators and improve the injured lung tissues in rats with acute lung injury.
Key words: endothelial progenitor cells     stem cell transplantation     acute lung injury     tumor necrosis factor-α     interleukin-1β     neutrophil elastase     myeloperoxidase    

急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)是由感染、创伤等一种或多种原因导致的全身炎症反应综合征的肺部表现,死亡率高达30%~50%,主要病理特征是广泛肺血管内皮细胞的破坏及炎症细胞浸润[1, 2]。随着干细胞移植在缺血性疾病、心血管疾病和肿瘤防治研究中的应用[3, 4, 5],近年来发现成血管干细胞——内皮祖细胞(endothelial progenitor cells,EPC)能归巢到损伤的肺组织,参与损伤血管的修复,对急性肺损伤有一定的治疗作用[6, 7],但对于EPC移植缓解肺损伤的具体抗炎作用目前仍不清楚。本研究主要通过检测各组血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)及肺组织中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶(neutrophil elastase,NE)、髓过氧化物酶(myeloper-oxidase,MPO)的表达,来观察EPC移植后对急性损伤肺组织炎症状态的影响,从而进一步探讨EPC移植对损伤肺组织的抗炎作用。

1 材料与方法 1.1 主要材料及试剂

健康同遗传背景的清洁级SD大鼠60只,体质量约150 g,用于EPC的采集;清洁级成年SD大鼠36只,体质量250~300 g,按随机数字表法分为3组(n=12):PBS组、LPS组、EPC组。动物由第三军医大学实验动物中心提供,实验中对动物的处置符合动物伦理学标准。主要试剂:淋巴细胞分离液(天津灏洋生物制品公司)、TNF-а、IL-1β及NE的ELISA试剂盒(TaKaRa公司)、髓过氧化物酶试剂盒(南京建成生物工程公司)。

1.2 EPC的分离、培养及鉴定

具体方法参见文献[6, 8]。

1.3 动物分组及EPC移植

大鼠经1%戊巴比妥5 mg/kg腹腔麻醉后经尾静脉注入脂多糖(5 mg/kg)诱发ALI;ALI造模30 min后,取培养第10天的EPC,胰酶消化后用无菌PBS稀释悬液(2×106/0.5 mL)经大鼠尾静脉注入PBS组和EPC组,而LPS组同法给予等量的PBS。7 d后经颈动脉取血,4 ℃、3 000 r/min离心5min,取上清保存备用;取部分大鼠肺组织置于-70 ℃保存备用,取部分肺组织处理后行HE染色,余下肺组织称湿质量后,放入75 ℃烤箱烘烤48 h后称干质量,计算湿/干质量比(W/D)。

1.4 肺组织形态学观察及肺损伤评分

取大鼠肺组织经4%多聚甲醛固定,常规石蜡包埋,切片5 μm,苏木精-伊红染色,显微镜下观察肺组织形态变化;根据Bustos等[3]方法进行肺损伤指数评分。

1.5 血清中TNF-α和IL-1β检测

均采用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测,具体步骤按说明书操作。

1.6 肺组织中NE、MPO测定

肺组织在玻璃匀浆器中匀浆,分别采用ELISA试剂盒和髓过氧化物酶试剂盒来检测NE和MPO,具体步骤按试剂盒说明书操作。

1.7 统计学分析

采用SPSS 16.0统计软件,计量数据以x±s表示,2组间比较采用配对t检验。

2 结果 2.1 肺组织形态学观察、肺损伤评分及W/D比值

HE染色可见PBS组肺组织结构完整;LPS组肺泡结构严重破坏、肺泡腔及肺间质出血、间质增生、大量炎性细胞浸润;EPC组中大部分肺泡结构基本完整,肺组织出血及炎症细胞浸润显著减少。给予LPS后,显著加重了肺损伤,与PBS组比较,肺损伤评分增加(12.25±1.14 vs 1.83±0.58,P<0.01);同时也使肺泡-毛细 胞管通透性增加,使肺组织含水量增加,其肺组织W/D比值为5.48±0.11 vs 2.68±0.06,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05); EPC组与LPS组相比,肺损伤评分较LPS组显著降低(7.17±0.94 vs 12.25±1.14,P<0.05),肺组织含水量下降,其W/D比值为4.20±0.08 vs 5.48±0.11,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05,图 1)。

A: PBS组; B: LPS组; C: EPC组图 1 各组大鼠肺组织HE染色观察 (×200)
2.2 各组大鼠血清TNF-α、IL-1β的含量

给予LPS损伤后,血清中TNF-α、IL-1β的含量较PBS组明显增加,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);EPC移植后降低了TNF-α、IL-1β的含量,与LPS组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,表 1)。

表 1 各组大鼠血清中TNF-α、IL-1β的含量
(pg/mL, n=12, x±s)
组别TNF-αIL-1β
PBS组39.40±2.1149.18±2.52
LPS组195.88±10.08a143.33±10.19a
EPC组103.52±10.07b78.04±3.98b
a:P<0.05,与PBS组比较; b:P<0.05,与LPS组比较
2.3 肺组织中NE、MPO的含量

LPS组中NE、MPO的含量较PBS组显著增加(P<0.05);但EPC移植后显著降低了NE及MPO的含量,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,表 2)。

表 2 各组肺组织中NE、MPO的含量
(n=12, x±s)
组别NE(ng/mL)MPO(U/g)
PBS组0.65±0.031.32±0.09
LPS组3.88±0.02a7.11±0.41a
EPC组1.98±0.05b4.63±0.37b
a:P<0.05,与PBS组比较; b:P<0.05,与LPS组比较
3 讨论

ALI是指各种原因引起的肺内过度或失控性炎症反应导致的肺泡上皮、肺微血管内皮和肺间质的急性弥漫性损伤。其中,中性粒细胞(polymorphonuclear cells,PMN)在肺内过度聚集和活化发挥了重要作用[9]。在肺内和循环系统各种炎性刺激下,PMN首先聚集、黏附于肺微血管内皮并被激活,由肺血管进入肺组织并持续活化,释放一系列损伤介质(如TNF-α、IL-1β、氧自由基、蛋白酶、脂质代谢产物和肽类物质等),引起弥漫性肺泡损害,最终导致ALI。EPC是来源于骨髓的原始干细胞,在缺氧、缺血、炎症、外伤等因素刺激下,能直接参与及发挥旁分泌作用,促进损伤血管的修复及微血管新生,EPC移植被认为是血管性疾病最有前景的治疗措施之一[10, 11]。近年来,人们将EPC研究引入肺部疾病领域,在ALI/ARDS中也见报道。研究发现EPC移植后能归巢到损伤的肺组织,参与损伤血管的修复,缓解肺组织损伤[6, 7, 12]。尽管其免疫调节机制目前仍不清楚,但EPC在炎症疾病的治疗应用仍值得研究。在本实验中,我们通过观察EPC移植后肺血清及组织中TNF-а、IL-1β、NE及MPO含量的变化,进一步探讨EPC移植后对损伤肺组织的抗炎作用。

HE染色结果显示:给予LPS后加重了肺损伤,肺泡结构严重破坏、肺泡腔及肺间质出血、间质增生、大量炎性细胞浸润,肺泡-毛细血管膜通透性增加,肺损伤评分及肺组织W/D比值较PBS组显著增加;而EPC移植缓解了肺损伤,EPC组中肺泡结构大部分基本完整,肺组织出血及炎症细胞浸润显著减少,肺W/D 比值及肺损伤评分较LPS组降低,组间差异有统计学意义。

TNF-α主要由PMN、巨噬细胞分泌,被认为是全身炎症反应的始动介质;IL-1β可促进PMN炎症介质的释放,并能与TNF-α产生协同作用,是导致感染及脓毒症发生的重要炎症介质[13, 14]。我们采用ELISA法检测各组大鼠血清中TNF-α、IL-1β的含量,结果显示:给予LPS刺激后显著增加了TNF-α、IL-1β的含量,与PBS组间差异具有统计学意义;EPC移植后血清中TNF-α、IL-1β的含量较LPS组显著下降。我们还检测了肺组织中NE、MPO的含量,NE由PMN所分泌,能分解几乎所有细胞外基质和许多重要的血浆蛋白,被认为是最具破坏力的酶类之一,同时也被认为是引起ALI/ARDS炎症级联反应的重要炎性损伤因子[15];MPO是PMN的标志酶,其活性高低反映组织中PMN聚集程度[16]。实验发现LPS组中NE、MPO的含量较PBS组显著增加;但EPC移植后降低了NE及MPO的含量,组间差异有统计学意义。

本研究结果提示:EPC参与损伤肺血管的修复,维持肺泡-毛细血管膜结构稳定、使其通透性降低,肺组织的W/D比值下降;减少了肺间质出血、间质增生及炎性细胞浸润,MPO的降低也反映了PMN在肺组织中的聚集减少,肺损伤评分值下降;同时减少了炎症介质TNF-α、IL-1β及蛋白酶NE的释放,降低了促炎症介质的瀑布样级联放大效应,减少了肺组织基膜胶原的降解,此可能为EPC移植后具有抗炎作用、缓解肺损伤的重要机制之一。

参考文献
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http://dx.doi.org/10.16016/j.1000-5404.201507128
中国人民解放军总政治部、国家科技部及国家新闻出版署批准,
由第三军医大学主管、主办

文章信息

毛梅,王健瑜,汪丽,秦磊
Mao Mei, Wang Jianyu, Wang Li, Qin Lei
内皮祖细胞对急性损伤肺组织的抗炎作用
Anti-inflammatory effect of endothelial progenitor cell transplantation in rats with acute lung injury
第三军医大学学报, 2015, 37(24): 2444-2447
J Third Mil Med Univ, 2015, 37(24): 2444-2447.
http://dx.doi.org/10.16016/j.1000-5404.201507128

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收稿:2015-07-22
修回:2015-09-25

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